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In Slavic languages, only one nearly universal type of aspectual opposition forms two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective (in contrast with English, which has several aspectual oppositions: perfect vs. neutral; progressive vs. nonprogressive; and in the past tense, habitual ("used to ...") vs. neutral). The aspectual distinctions exist on the lexical level - speakers have no unique method of forming a perfective verb from a given imperfective one (or conversely). Perfective verbs are most often formed by means of prefixes, changes in the root, using a completely different root (suppletion), or changes in stress. Possessing a prefix does not necessarily mean that a verb is perfective. == General characteristics == With a few exceptions each Slavic verb is either perfective or imperfective. Most verbs form strict pairs of one perfective and one imperfective verb with generally the same meaning. However, each Slavic language contains a number of bi-aspectual verbs, which may be used as both imperfective and perfective. They are mainly borrowings from non-Slavic languages, but some native verbs also belong to this group. As opposed to them, mono-aspectual verbs are mainly native. There are mono-aspectual imperfective verbs without perfective equivalents (among others, verbs with the meaning "to be" and "to have" - note however that Russian does have a rarely used perfective form of "to be", and thus also "to have" via the usual U-construction - namely, "побыть") as well as perfective verbs without imperfective equivalents (for instance, verbs with the meaning "become ...", e.g. "to become paralyzed", etc.; Russian distinguishes these again, namely, for this example, "парализовать(ся)", perfective, vs "парализовывать(ся)", imperfective, even despite the root "парализ-", paraliz-, is non-native). Aspect in Slavic is a superior category in relation to tense or mood. Particularly, some verbal forms (like infinitive) cannot distinguish tense but they still distinguish aspect. Here is the list of Polish verb forms formed by both imperfective and perfective verbs (such a list is similar in other Slavic languages). The example is an imperfective and a perfective Polish verb with the meaning 'to write'. All personal forms are given in third person, masculine singular, with Russian analog if it exists: * Infinitive: ''pisać - napisać'' / ''писать - написать'' * Passive participle: ''pisany - napisany'' / ''писаный - написанный'' * Gerund: ''pisanie - napisanie'' / ''писание - написание'' * Past impersonal form: ''pisano - napisano'' / ''писано - написано'' * Past impersonal form in subjunctive: ''pisano by - napisano by'' * Past tense: ''pisał - napisał'' / ''писал - написал'' * Future tense: ''będzie pisać / będzie pisał - napisze'' / ''будет писать - напишет'' * Conditional, first form: ''pisałby - napisałby'' / ''писал бы - написал бы'' * Conditional, second form: ''byłby pisał - byłby napisał'' * Imperative: ''niech pisze - niech napisze'' / ''пиши - напиши'' The following may be formed only if the verb is imperfective: * Contemporary adverbial participle – ''pisząc'' / ''пиша'' exists, albeit not commonly used * Active participle – ''piszący'' / ''пишущий'', ''писучий'' (paronymic pair) * Present tense – ''pisze'' / ''пишет'' One form may be created only if the verb is perfective, namely: * Anterior adverbial participle – ''napisawszy'' / ''написав(ши)'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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